Dubliners by James Joyce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dubliners by James Joyce - Essay Example The loss of motion may likewise identify with the degree of the innovation of the spot particularly in the twenty first century. So as to expand on this case, the activity will expound different portrayals from the different stories. All the accounts in the Dubliners are associated by regular subjects, for example, defilement, loss of motion and passing. These render the characters fixed and unequipped for moving forward and building up their status. Rather, the characters move forward in certain occasions and retreat subsequently causing an interminable circle. The principal story, The Sisters, majors on a kid and his guide called Father Flynn. The cleric has been coaching the kid and the kid has progressed in his reasoning and conduct. His uncle reveals to him the shortcomings of his coach and persuades him never to connect with him again (Tagleri 15). He educates the kid that the cleric had endured a third stroke and had made an admission on his condition. At the point when the kid is in the long run educated regarding Father Flynn’s demise, he feels less miserable. The kid watches the earthy colored and yellow teeth of the expired, inferring a rot and static turn of events and typifies their constrainment. For this situation, the general public is all around persuaded of the priest’s bad marks to the general public through his loss of motion and the possible passing. The kid feels opportunity from the impulses of the minister. The kid neglects to advance because of his adherence to the ideas from the general public individu als. This is an account of two young men that additionally delineate loss of motion in the general public and individual sexuality. The story delineates two young men during their experience and the pursuit of a wild feline. They experience a man who begins by soliciting them from the books they have perused. The young men start to consider inspiration of the man because of his intuition on books. The more peculiar at that point asks about their lady friends. The man proceeds to jerk off before the young men. This is a more noteworthy degree of loss of motion of ethics (Papadopoulou 32). The young men are t

Accounting Statement Analysis

Question: Talk about the Accounting Statement Analysis. Answer: Presentation: The FASB and IASB, both administrative bodies are adhered to the rule based norms. In any case, the crucial ideas on a few issues feature unimportant interior irregularity so as to reveal matters in rational bookkeeping identified with account and system for announcing (Hashim O'Hanlon and Li 2015.). Sadly, the individual applied structures of unmistakable standard setters can come to concessions to specific standard setting issues, which might be transient in nature on the grounds that various observations could be followed to determine that specific issues (Lin 2015). Thus, both the previously mentioned standard setting bodies may arrive at fundamentally various results despite the fact that its indistinguishable. This reality mirrors an irregularity in gauges. This is the significant purpose for the advancement of the applied system. To improve the significant endeavors, then again, the IASB Framework is intended to help both the standard setters and gets ready while uncovering re alities in the announcement of money related under the calculated structure (Rivera et al 2014). This is another explanation which revels the necessity of the applied system. Thirdly, the arranged methodology in the joint venture may help to merging both FASB and IASB principles. Every one of these reasons are sufficiently very to legitimize the prerequisites to refine, update, total and combining gauges into a typical applied structure. By following a reasonable system, the rule based guidelines can make comprehends to following realities: This will assist with guaranteeing the consistency among principles and between the past and future choice makings to arrive at flawless resolutions. The system will guarantee that principles are not founded on singular impression of the board individuals from the standard setters. It is required to bring consistency between the readiness of the announcements, understanding and revealing of the data contains in the detailing entitys fiscal summaries. A theoretical structure makes activity as a composed constitution for bookkeeping and revealing of the announcements of money related. Despite the fact that both IASB and FASB is adhered to head based guidelines, it is imperative to have a typical applied system for clients and gets ready of the announcement of money related to make comprehend that principles and practices of bookkeeping depend on normal belief system (Gerber, Gerber and Van der Merwe 2014). Subsequently, the arrangement of specific issues would get similar outcomes. All the more explicitly, a typical reasonable system needs to empower for refinement, achievement, update and intermingling between the current structure of IASB and the idea articulations introduced by the rules gave by the FASB. The update, hence, is vital in light of the fact that these structures were conceptualized in the time of 1970 and 1980 (Holder et al 2013). In any case, it is significant that the applied systems need not change the fundamental structure of the ideas. All the more significantly, the normal calculated system needs to have comparative quantitative qualities of the bookkeeping data, components of bookkeeping articulations, properties, models for acknowledgment in the revealing entitys proclamations alongside show in explanations and exposure in notes and different parts of the detailing. It is now suggested that different gatherings can get advantage from a calculated system. To set up the announcements of money related and detailing toward the finish of the monetary period, calculated structure can enable the few bodies to like the budgetary standard setters, evaluators, plans of records, and the clients of articulation of monetary (clients, countrys administrative organizations, financial specialists, government, workers, banks, providers and the investigators of account). Notwithstanding, it isn't correct that theoretical system is more critical for specific gatherings than others. The explanation for the equivalent necessities of theoretical structure to all gatherings is as per the following: A calculated structure by and large examines the arrangement of interconnected goals and essentials which needs to uphold for getting the steady outcomes toward the finish of the announcing time frame (Satin and Huffman 2015). Obviously, the arrangement of the announcement of money related, revealing, investigation, and clarification are totally interconnected with one another (Brouwer, Faramarzi and Hoogendoorn 2014). To settle on financial choices, IASB Framework by and large underscored on the data identified with money which are required by a wide scope of clients, for example, workers, speculators, banks, clients, providers, governments and the general population. Then again, the FASB stresses convenience with respect to the credit choices and speculations by their idea articulations (Barker et al 2014). In this way, the regular calculated system will be useful for every one of these gatherings similarly. For example, the theoretical structures may refer to general enthusiasm of outer clients of the announcements while surveying potential new money inflows to the association. By unveiling the capacity to produce net money inflows may significant realities for representatives, providers. Then again, the judgment of the outer clients about the limit and capacity impacts on the financial choices of an endeavor (Pelger 2016). In this way, all monetary viewpoints are interrelated and reliable with one another. Managing every one of these elements in the reasonable structure, thusly, is significant for all gatherings for keeping up consistency all through the budgetary stages. In spite of the fact that both FASB and IASB have adhered to normal rule based guidelines, cross-cutting issues have been reflected in the territories that contention between the few principles (Fisher and Nehmer 2016). Followed by the individual reasonable structures of individual standard setters, undertakings frequently discover irregularity in money related revealing and less-mix between the different norms too (Murphy and OConnell 2013). For instance, the judiciousness and the collection under the Prudence and Going Concern have been spoken to in various way under the accompanying rules gave by the FASB and IASB. It is noticed that as indicated by IAS1, where the gatherings ideas activity is conflicting alongside Prudence. Subsequently cross cutting issues is being considered as significant in light of the fact that it makes a vulnerability into account in the advantages and liabilities (Oliver 2014). In the more extensive points of view, cross-cutting issues are significant vie wpoints for money related announcing which should be settled under the applied structure for accomplishing the union on specific issues. Organizations are believed to record the gathered liabilities and the for the ecological and recovery matters. This likewise thinks about the destruction of the previous working offices and the different commitments, which are expressed under Asset retirement commitments (ARO). The collections identified with the natural imperatives are believed to be identified with the assessments for the expense of the remediation of the past appraisals identified with the lawful expenses for progressing suit and worked destinations. The organizations are believed to record an arrangement corresponding to natural expenses of resigning a benefit, which are as per the Statement of Position 96-1, Environmental Remediation Liabilities. It has been additionally observed that the recommended direction for treatment is legitimately pertinent to the various rules is appeared in SFAS No. 5, Accounting for Contingencies, and Interpretation under FASB (FIN) No. 14, Reasonable Estimation in an occurrence of a Loss. The organizations need to evaluate further the chance of the results or misfortune. The assurance identified with the gatherings is fundamental. The possibilities identified with the people matter are additionally examined. In different cases, it tends to be observed that the real expense later on may veer off from the evaluations because of different sorts of the vulnerabilities, which apparently arises from the natural exposures (Fasb.org. 2017). The organizations are additionally observed to save ecological liabilities and retirement of the drawn out working resources through the advisors who are known to follow the direction given under SFAS No. 143, Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations,. It has been additionally observed that the expense are swelled as per the expansion factor and they are believed to be limited by conforming to the credit-balanced hazard free rate. The deviations in the loan costs, expansion and the evaluated costs are defenseless to the sums, which are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Henceforth, it must be expected that the varieties in the few contemplations made would not drastically affect the Consolidated Statement of Operations. It has been additionally seen that if there should arise an occurrence of the shut offices the noteworthy changes in the financing costs, expansion and the evaluated costs can have impressive effect on the recorded sum, which are perceived under the Restru cturing Charges. A portion of different contemplations for the advantage retirement by the organizations can be plainly related under the note 17. The organizations are likewise observed to be record the Environmental Liabilities and Asset Retirement Obligation dependent on the outsider evaluations for the expense of remediation, which are believed to be recently worked in the assessments for the lawful expenses. These are legitimately observed to be following the rules given by (SFAS) No. 5, which are believed to be in consistence with Accounting for Contingencies (Sec.gov. 2017). The acknowledgment of the conceded charge liabilities supposedly is significant for recognizing the different sorts of the distinctions that will add to the altogether available sums in the years to come. The aggregate sum, which is acquired for the arrival of that receivable, will be considered as available in nature. Subsequently, a conceded charge risk is seen in the current year for the pertinent duties sum

The Past and Present of College Admissions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

The Past and Present of College Admissions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions The Past and Present of College Admissions You hear it all the time Back when I was applying to college . Yes, things have changed over the last 20+ years in admissions, but trust me, that is actually not a bad thing in many cases. I am currently reading a book titled Factfulness by Hans Rosling, and he writes about how, in contrast to what some would have us believe, life is a great deal better today as compared to the past. While there are still areas where the world can improve greatly, Rosling shows that in areas ranging from poverty, health, war, food, etc, the world is actually moving in a positive direction. From the admissions side of the table, there have been some amazing improvements over the years. Here are a few things I remember from when I first started working in the UGA Admissions office. There was a point in time when we only accepted paper applications. We would print them out and do a huge mailing in late summer to get the applications out to both students and high schools. This also meant that we needed a large staff of people who did one job, entering in a students biographical data (name, address, school, etc.) into our record system. Every year, we would need to have the printing of the applications bid out (and of course, lowest bidder won the job), and that year, a printing company based out of a state prison won the bid. I can still remember driving to a high school in Louisiana when I got a call from my boss to see if I had heard about the printing issues. A riot had broken out in the prison, and our application print job was on hold due to the issue. Imagine explaining that to students calling in wanting an application sent to them. When you have thousands of paper applications, you need to have a place to put them. Our office had roughly 20-30 six foot high file cabinets for all the application files, and we used bankers boxes (or open lid boxes) to route files by application submission date from one part of the process to the other. Every day when documents came in, we would have to either match them to existing files (by running around and finding the right box) or putting them in the orphan documents bins, which we would then check every day against the new applications for the day. Old methods were not just relegated to the application process. For a long period of time, one state used to require admissions people to bring their own table to every college fair. Luckily, this state was within easy driving distance, and we would just have a card table ready for anyone traveling to that state. The world of google maps on your cell phone roughly ten years ago was a break-through for admission travel, as we survived on three things; Old paper maps that were horrible to fold and did not function well while driving, Mapquest/Garmin, which seemed to get you lost as many times as it helped to get somewhere, and driving around looking for school signs or the lights for the HS football fields. It was even worse in some cities, as I clearly remember visiting schools in New Orleans and having the street dead end at one of the many canals in the city and seeing the high school just across the water. Everything was paper. I mean we were overrun with paper. One record setting year, we came back from the December holiday time to 45 bins of mail. It was ugly. The applications were filled out by hand and sent in by mail, the recommendation letters were all done by hand, the transcripts were mailed in, and even a number of test score results were sent by paper. And then it became a game of find the file so you could add all the paper to the application. Then you add in all the paper we sent out, from postcards letting students know what was missing (and it was out of date immediately due to materials flowing in daily), brochures being mailed out, letters being sent, etc. The worst were decision letters done in house in envelopes that had to be licked. Paper cuts on your tongue are the worst. I almost cried when we got our first real recruitment system that sent out automated emails. I did cry when we got our first batch of peel and close envelopes for acceptance packets. Admissions give-aways are so much better these days. Twenty years ago, the best you would get would be a bumper sticker for your car (not even a static sticker, but an actual bumper sticker) or a pen/pencil with UGA on the side. Now youre getting socks, shirts, backpacks, sunglasses, phone popsockets, stickers, etc. Enjoy it while you can. While college admissions has its challenges, there was a whole other layer of challenges 20 or so years ago. Be glad that you can submit your application online, that test scores and documents can be matched in seconds to your file, and that you can see your admissions status page online. Like Billy Joel sings in Keeping the Faith, cause the good ole days werent always good, and tomorrow aint as bad as it seems.

Chemical Engineer Salary and Experience

Chemical engineering is one of the highest paying degrees for entry level jobs, with even higher payscales for experienced chemical engineers. Chemical engineers tend to be in high demand and are much more employable than chemists. Heres a look at typical salary ranges for chemical engineers. Chemical Engineer Salary Survey Based on Experience Chemical engineers can earn good salaries straight out of school, but years of experience or higher education can double the salary rate. Chemical Engineer 1 Year Experience: $51,710 - $66,286 Chemical Engineer with 1-4 Years Experience: $56,206 - $70,414 Chemical Engineer with 5-9 Years Experience: $64,618 - $84,199 Chemical Engineer with 10-19 Years Experience: $74,546 - $101,299 Chemical Engineer with More than 20 Years Experience: $83,304 - $126,418 Salary survey based on experience is from PayScale.com. According to the US Department of Labor (2008), the median salary for chemical engineering was $78,860. The middle 50% of chemical engineers had salaries between $67,420 and $105,000. The UKs Institution of Chemical Engineers (2006) reported the average starting salary for chemical engineering graduates was  £24,000, with an average salary for all chemical engineers of about  £53,000.

Lies Youve Been Told About Report Writing Online

Lies You've Been Told About Report Writing Online To continue to keep your report organized and simple to understand, there's a particular format to follow. Introduction The very first page of the report should have an introduction. Some projects need other sorts of software, including spreadsheets or video editing. The format of the title part of your report would be contingent on the duration of the said document. Writing reports isn't difficult, even when you're not a writer or don't have any interest in writing. Report writing tips are easily obtainable on the web. When you are finished you can click Back to List' to return to the major list to reassess the information that you have entered for reports. Our Inventory Report Templates are among the examples. Writing a report involves a similar procedure, and it may seem far more intimidating than making a home out of Legos. Reports function as a kind of written assessment to discover what you've learned from your reading, research or experience and to supply you with experience of an important skill that's popular in the job place. Writing reports is a truth of life for students, but it doesn't need to be difficult. Writing and selling short reports can be among the most lucrative methods to make money on the internet. The body of your report typically includes the greatest number of pages. To start with, it's important to specify which sort of reports is necessary for a specific function. A report was made to lead people throughout the info in a structured way, but also to allow them to discover the info they want quickly and easily. Keeping a few important points in mind, you can compose a skilled and perfect small business report. You need to be able to not just present the info, but you also need to be in a position to relate it to the issue or issue of the report. Essentially, a report is a brief, sharp, concise document that's written for a specific purpose and audience. After you are clear about the aim of your report, you want to start to gather relevant details. The sole point of a report is to objectively present readers with all the appropriate info in regard to a specific matter. Reading the report to an audience may also assist a writer to prevent some mistakes while additionally keeping the focus and aim of the report. Because you ultimately wish to present your report in a detailed and logical way, it's important to remember what your audience would like to see in your report. Exceptional report writers understand the importance of scope and so concentrate on specific facets of a subject or topic till they decide on a topic. You will often get a crystal clear brief for a report, including what it is that you are studying and for whom the report needs to be ready. While writing your report, you ought to be impartial. Whether you've conducted research to compose a post or maybe to study about rural development, it's vital that you compile an appropriate research report which you may then submit to the higher officials. When you are requested to compose a report you will normally be provided a report brief which supplies you with instructions and guidelines. It is imperative to compose a report in an orderly way. While submitting your reports you must make certain that the report is in the necessary format. On the flip side, an informal report is usually a brief and direct report that may be delivered through an email or memo. You could also see excellent report examples. You might want to present your report in an easy and concise style that is not difficult to read and navigate. Report writing format templates are required when you're requested to compose a report or research paper on a certain topic. Facts, Fiction and Report Writing Online Report writing is thought to be a secondary task when implementing development projects. A training report can arrive in various categories. Your Report Writing trainer is going to be assigned to you following the outcomes of your diagnostic consultancy depending on your objectives and regions of focus. It is very important to compose a fast and complete training report.

First day on the new job Free Essays

First Day on the New Job Many people look forward to the first day of work at a new Job. There are new people to meet, much to learn, and money to be made. While I’ve had other Jobs prior to starting my last Job, nothing could have prepared me for the type of work environment that I encountered when I walked In to begin my employment. We will write a custom essay sample on First day on the new job or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first day of my Job at a retail store was less than pleasing First I come in the store at 10:00 A. M. The manager Introduced the dally meeting In hich she talked about the goal and training of the day. She assigned me the Fitting Room Section, was alone, and the company never gave me the training about â€Å"Work in the fitting room†. The first hour was slow, but little by little, a lot of customers were on line for trying on the outfits, â€Å"Oh my God†, I didn’t know what to do because I had to hang up all the clothes people didn’t want to buy. and I had to assist the customers. Anyway â€Å"First is the first, the customers†. I ask the customers. â€Å"How many Items, do you have? , if the Customer had more â€Å"6† items to try on, this is not allowed Inside the section, only â€Å"6† or less. All the clothes the customers didn’t want were accumulated under the rack. Suddenly a manager entered to the section and said angrily: â€Å"It’s too much, it’s too much†. felt nervous but then I thought â€Å"I won’t mind her because I am alone†. My other co-workers werent there in that moment. I didn’t like my job because I have to work standing up. The most of the people are younger than me In the store. I knew that if I had to work with these people every day t wouldn’t make me feel comfortable. There would be nothing to talk about and we would have nothing in common. They would always be telling me what to do and they thought that I was incapable to do the Job maybe because of my age. I was not looking forward to working with them. The first day on my new Job was uncomfortable. I didn’t want to work with the people who were there, and I wasnt satisfied with the hours and money. They began to give me less hours and I found myself wasting more money on transportation than I was aining working there. How to cite First day on the new job, Papers

Personality an Example of the Topic All Posts by

Personality I. Introduction Puzzling people move all around us. You are one and I am one. Evidence to show that we are single, clearcut individuals is meager; in fact, a large number of studies indicate that each of us alters our personalities and behaves differently, depending upon circumstances. Apparently the same ability holds true regarding ourselves. We do all manner of quite bizarre things that dont fit together objectivelylike the good Christian tax-evaderbut these contradictions dont make us come apart or feel we are two different peopleinstead, I am just me, all one person. We see all parts of ourselves as fitting together; usually it is the mental patient, ironically, who detects the discrepancies, and they are quite worrisome to him. Need essay sample on "Personality" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Personality theorists fall prey to the desire for unity for its own sake all the time. As one author has pointed out, for example, if a woman is sometimes fiercely independent and sometimes rather docile, the psychologist tends to lump these two behaviors together, concluding, for example, that she is actually quite independent and dominating, but to satisfy this need for domination, sometimes she must pretend to be docile (Mischel, 2001). This is pretty tricky reasoning. The point is that personality theorists to oversimplify; at least be aware of this as we discuss personality.Nonetheless, science cannot advance without some organization, and personality theories provide this structure, that is, something psychologists can at least grab hold of so they have some framework for discussion and experimentation. Personality is difficult to define for at least two reasons. For one, personality is differently defined by different theorists. Freud, for example, would have said that personality is made up of behavior patterns resulting from the handling of sexual and aggressive impulses during childhood. Others see the origins of behavior differently. The second difficulty is that personality is the ultimate in complexity and variability. How do we explain Mr. Jones, who is the following: a tax-evader, a shifty business operator during the week, a faithful and apparently sincere churchgoer on Sunday, a dynamo at work and very meek at home? What is personality? Any definition could give rise to legitimate complaints. But, in order to give the discussion some structure, a definition is needed: personality consists of relatively enduring behavior patterns that result in fairly consistent reactions to a number of different situations.Personality theory attempts to pinpoint specific types of people, determine what is responsible for producing that type of person, and make predictions about their behavior that will hold true most of the time. II. Background A. The Meaning of Personality Personality is a fascinating area of study, but a difficult concept to define. In this study, we define personality as the organization of an individuals distinguishing characteristics, attitudes, or habits; it includes the individuals unique ways of thinking, behaving, or otherwise experiencing the environment. The qualities that make up ones personality are relatively stable and organized into a totality. With this definition of personality in mind, we can identify four separate tasks that personality psychologists have addressed (Runyan, 2003). To analyze individual and group differences. Why are people different from each other? Are members of some groups more similar to each other than other groups? For example, are there personality dimensions that influence the way we experience life events such as the midlife transition? To understand particular individuals. Students tell us that this is a major reason that they take introductory psychology. They want to find out what makes peoplethemselves and others do the things they do. To study personality processes. There are many personality processes, including altruism and sex-role differences. For example, are masculinity and feminity dimensions of personality that influence behavior in predictable ways?To develop general theories of personality. Theories of personality are unified explanations for the totality of individual behavior. III. Discussion A. Research Issues in Personality Psychologists have approached these tasks using a wide variety of research methods (Craik, 2003). Knowledge about peoples personalities can be obtained from their everyday conduct, as is the case in field studies. People also reveal themselves through the products of their imaginations, and this technique is used when personality tests known as projective tests are given to people. A straightforward approach to gathering personality data is to ask people to fill out self-report inventories about their characteristics. With this method, two risks are apparent: People may not be fully aware of what they are like; and if they are, they may wish to cover up some of the flaws they perceive. We gain information of a different sort about personality when we ask others for their impressions of specific people. This technique is known as the use of observer reports in research. Life histories, such as those biographies and autobiographies, and archival material provide a rich source of data o n particular individuals for the study of personality. Clinical case histories, on which many of the major theories are based, fall into this category. The most carefully controlled information comes from behavior in laboratory studies of personality. Although control is maximized in laboratory studies, it is sometimes at the expense of naturalistic experiences. No single source of information about personality is the ideal, correct source. All these methods are important for obtaining information about personality. Published research on personality, however, relies heavily on self-report inventories and laboratory studies with limited samples of people. Between 1998 and 2002, 85% of the research published in major journals used these two methods, and approximately two thirds of the research used under-graduate samples (Craik, 2003). However, there has been a trend in recent years toward greater use of biographical material, sometimes referred to as psychobiography, in the study of personality (Alexander, 2003). B. Psychoanalytic Models of Personality According to psychoanalytic models of personality, people are born with psychic energy that is transformed and redirected during their normal course of development into complex human behavior. In the psychoanalytic view, the human mind is an active agent, with divisions that keep some material from entering conscious experience. We consider in detail psychoanalytic view, the human mind is an active agent, with divisions that keep some material from entering conscious experience. We consider in detail the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud and, to a lesser extent, other psychoanalytic perspectives. Freuds Psychosexual Theory Freud developed most of his theory through his studies of his patients, people who sought his help or were referred to him for help for psychological problems. These problems, he believed, were related to the ways that instinctual energy was channeled. For example, patients suffering from hysteria, a disorder in which physical symptoms are present without apparent organic basis, were suspected if allowing their sexual energy to build up without appropriately discharging (Freud, 1977). According to Freud, there are two sources of instinctual energy that are the ultimate cause of all activity (Freud, 1977). One instinct accounts for feelings and behavior related to self-preservation and preservation of the species, including sexual behavior; Freud called this the life instinct (eros). The other instinct, called the death instinct (thanatos), impels the person toward aggression and destruction (Freud, 1977). Most of Freuds work on personality was concerned with the life instinct. However, Freuds views in aggression and its place in civilization merit a slight digression. Primitive people, according to Freud, had no restrictions on the expressions of their instincts. Expression of sexual urges was not restricted by social norms and decorum. Contemporary civilized societies, however, place fairly rigid restrictions on sexual expression. We can only have intercourse in appropriate places and with certain people or we face severe social sanctions. Similarly, civilization limits expression of our aggressive instincts. Freud felt that aggression was a derivative of the death instinct, and that it could be channeled in two different directions. If directed toward the self, then the individual risks self-destruction. If directed away from the self, aggression is the result. Because of the instinct demands some kind of expression, a decrease in aggression increases the risk of self-destruction (Freud, 1977). Freuds views on aggression are controversial in a number of respects. For one thing, he tells us that civilization itself is part of our problem. IV. Conclusion From a practical point of view, Freuds notion that aggression is an instinct that demands some kind of releaseinstead of a form of social behavior that can be increased or decreased through environmental circumstancesis especially controversial. Consider the case of television violence. If Freuds views are correct, then watching televised violence might actually be a good thing. People could reduce their aggressive instincts through catharsis, on relief of the emotions from viewing the experiences of others. Perhaps no aspect of everyday life is more common than watching television. In the average American household the television set is on more than 6 hours a day, and the average child between the ages of 2 and 11 watches it for about 3 hours daily. Estimates are that by high school graduation, the average American child will have spent 11,000 hours in the classroom and 15,000 hours watching television. Programs aimed specifically at children, such as Saturday morning cartoons, contain a great deal of violence. The National Institute of Mental Healths report on television and behavior estimates that childrens weekend programs contain more violence than do prime-time shows (NIMH, 2002). Hundred of studies have examined the relationship between television violence and actual aggression among viewers. In one of these studies, more than 500 children in grades 1 through 5 participated in a short-term longitudinal study. Reference: Alexander, I. (2003). Personality, psychological assessment, and psychobiography. Journal of Personality, 56, 265-294. Craik, F.I.M. (2003). Personality research methods: A Historical perspective. Journal of personality, 54, 18-51. Freud, S. (1977). Analysis of a phobia in five year old boy. In A Strachey & J. Strachey (Eds. And Trans.), (Vol. 10,pp. 165-305). New York: Penguin (Penguin Freud Library). Mischel, W. (2001). Continuity and change in personality. Amer. Psychol. 34:1012-1018. National Institute Mental Health (2002). Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific progress and implications for the eighties: Vol. 6. Summary report (DHHS Publication No. ADM 95-1195). Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office. Pervin, L.A. (2005). Personality: Current controversies, issues, and directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 83-114. Runyan, W.M. (2003). Progress in psychobiography. Journal of Personality, 56, 295-326.

Haitian Women in History essays

Haitian Women in History essays Women in Haiti have been for a long time silenced. Their heroic acts during slavery and for the independence of Haiti have not been acknowledged. The women of Haiti have been and still are making a huge impact on society and on how their state is constructed. They have long fought for their right and created women's movements. Their bodies were controlled and violated. Rape and torture was use as a way to intimidate the women and also to make them pay for action made by people other than them. My paper will analyse the way women where portrayed and the important role these Haitian women played, especially during and after the Duvalierist regime. I will talk about the way in which they where reduced to inferior in their status and also about the violence that they were subject to, paying a particular attention to the rape of women. I will also take a look at the emergence of the many women's movements in Haiti and the ones started by Haitians in Canada or the United States. Finally I will look at women writers and their role. My attention will be focus on two novels by Edwidge Danticat: Krik? Krak? and Breath, Eyes, Memory. This paper will try to show how women reclaimed their identity and their right to all be different. Women in Haiti have always played an important role in its history. They fiercely fought along side with men to free Haiti and stop slavery. However, even after they had won the battle for independence, women were still seen as inferior and all their efforts, forgotten. President Dessalines' Independence Constitution of 1805 provided in article 9 that "no one I worthy of being a Haitian if he is not a good father, a good son, a good husband, and above all, a good soldier#. Here we see how women were not seen as worthy of being a Haitian. They are from the beginning inferiorised by men. This belief of the inferiority of women remained. Their place was associated whit home and domestic chores. They were seen as ...

The STOP ERA Campaign Against Womens Equality

The STOP ERA Campaign Against Women's Equality STOP  ERA was the name of conservative activist Phyllis Schlaflys campaign against the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) which she founded after Congress passed the proposed amendment in 1972. Her campaign played a significant role in the fight to prevent ERA from being ratified in the 1970s. The Origins of STOP ERA The name of STOP ERA is based on an acronym for Stop Taking Our Privileges.  The campaign argued that women were already protected under the laws of the time and making ERA gender neutral would somehow deprive women of their special protections and privileges. STOP ERAs major supporters were already supporters of Schlaflys conservative group, Eagle Forum, and came from the right wing of the Republican Party. Christian conservatives also organized for STOP ERA and used their churches to provide meeting spaces for events and network with legislators who were valuable to the strategic approach of the movement. Though STOP ERA included people from a wide variety of existing groups, Phyllis Schlafly led the effort and hand-picked state directors to steer the campaign as well. The state organizations raised funds and decided on a strategy for the initiative. The 10-Year Campaign and Beyond The STOP  ERA campaign fought against the amendment from the time it was sent to the states for ratification in 1972 until the final ERA deadline in 1982. Ultimately, ratification of the ERA fell three states short of the number needed to add it to the Constitution. Many organizations, including the National Organization for Women (NOW), continue to work for an amendment guaranteeing equal rights for women. In response, Phyllis Schlafly continued her STOP  ERA campaign through her Eagle Forum organization, which warned that radical feminists and â€Å"activist judges† still want to pass the amendment. Schlafly, however, died in 2016. The Anti-Feminist Philosophy Phyllis Schlafly was so well known for her antagonism to gender equality that the Eagle Forum described her as the â€Å"most articulate and successful opponent of the radical feminist movement.† An advocate for honoring the â€Å"dignityâ€Å" of the role of homemaker, Schlafly called the women’s liberation movement highly detrimental to families and the U.S. as a whole. Reasons to Stop the ERA Phyllis Schlafly traveled across the U.S. throughout the 1970s calling for opposition to the ERA because it would supposedly lead to a reversal in gender roles, same-sex marriages, and women in combat, which would weaken the militarys combat strength. Opponents of the amendment also speculated that it would result in taxpayer-funded abortions, unisex bathrooms, and remove laws that depend on gender to define a sex crime. Perhaps most of all, Schalfy feared that ERA would hurt families and eliminate Social Security benefits for widows and homemakers. Although she had earned a salary, Schalfy did not believe women should be in the paid workforce, especially if they had young children. If women were to stay home and raise families, earning no benefits of their own, Social Security was a necessity. Another concern was that ERA would abolish a husbands legal responsibility to support his wife and family and would alter child support and alimony laws to make them gender neutral. Overall, conservatives worried that the amendment would undermine the authority of men over women, which they saw as the proper power relationship for well-functioning families.   Many of these claims about ERA have been disputed by legal scholars. Still, the STOP  ERA campaign continues to generate news whenever the ERA is reintroduced in national or state legislative sessions. Edited and updated with additional information by Jone Johnson Lewis.

Culture Change and Aspects of Culture Assignment

Culture Change and Aspects of Culture - Assignment Example In a very broad sense, culture is a cultivated behavior; that is the sum total of an individual's learned and accumulate experience which is hence socially transmitted, or behavior through the process of social learning. In light of the deeper aspect of culture, culture change can be defined as the gradual or sporadic modification of a society’s beliefs and values through the processes of innovation, discovery, or even external contact with other societies. Cultural change can hence be comprehensively defined as the dynamic phenomenon by which various cultures in the world are changing and modifying their usual and common code of conduct and behavior in order to adapt to the external or internal forces acting on the society (Steward, 1973). Culture change is a process that not only occurs at the basic societal level but also has been observed on a wider scope. It can be seen also in organizations such as businesses or educational institutions or any other group of people who may have developed and accumulated experiences and behavior patterns. As a result, culture change may require changes or a complete overhaul of organization practices, physical environments inter-personal relationships at all levels and even communication patterns. In analyzing the whole concept of culture, a question that rarely fails to come up is: what makes up culture? It is with answering this question that one can isolate the various aspects of culture, that is, the very basic elements that culture is comprised of. This hence gives rise to the concept of cultural awareness (Singh, 2009). Various numerous theories have been formulated on the elements that make up culture but similarities have been observed and it can be confidently put down that there are twelve main aspects of culture.  

President Obamas' Verbal and Non-verbal Communication Essay

President Obamas' Verbal and Non-verbal Communication - Essay Example Therefore, in order to communicate effectively with the public the governmental figure must show various characteristics that are essential to do so. In this paper, we shall be analyzing how the President Obama communicates as well as whether he takes correct steps and procedure when passing his message to the public. The first thing that can be noted when Obama is communicating is that he shows a great deal of confidence while speaking. This serves to give the public the opinion that he is confident in what he is saying and that he actually believes it to be true. It is a known fact that the public is more appreciative of listening to a confident person than to a person without confidence because a message delivered with confidence is always better received. Confidence also gives the impression of the speaker is telling the truth because all his words are said without anything that might suggest that he is lying to his audience. Furthermore, confidence ensures that the audience give s the speaker their utmost attention throughout his speech and because he has their attention, the message he is trying to communicate will be received with little or no distortion (Denham, 1998). The second thing, which is notable in Obama and most if not all governmental officials when communicating with the public is their being well, versed in the subject matter of what they are trying to communicate. It can be seen that they have studied the history of what they are communicating and have made their own personal analysis of it before coming to make their speech to the public. It seems that the public is more receptive of the speaker and what he is saying because of this and this may ensure that the speaker has the undivided attention of the public. The knowledge of the subject matter ensures that the speaker is able to communicate well with the public and that what he says is comprehensible (Sam, 2003). His understanding of the subject also ensures that the speaker is able to i nterpret and simplify the message for his audience so that they are better able to understand what it is he is trying to pass on to them. A result of having prior knowledge of what he is communicating is that it gives the governmental figure the necessary confidence to not only pass on the message he wishes to the public, but he is also able to add on to it his own opinions and relate them to the current situation. When communicating to the public, it can be noted that President Obama pauses often to let his message sink in. these pauses often occur immediately after the speaker makes an important point or when there is an ovation from the public after he has stated what has pleased them. These pauses are important not only to allow the audience to receive the message well, but it also ensures that the audience does not lose track of the speech itself while making their ovations. A good speaker should take note of where and when make these pauses in his speech so that he does not lo se his audience (Trahant, 2006). In addition to making pauses in his speech, the governmental figure also seems not only to be serious throughout the speech but his facial expression follows the mood of his audience. However, he does not allow the audience to control completely the process, and in fact, he is the one who controls the mood

Crime Prevention Technology

Crime Prevention Technology Over the years, government agencies have sought ways to combat crime. Our Criminal Justice System is in a state of crisis due to prisons being over crowded. It is better to prevent a crime than to punish the individual for a crime once it has affected more parties. It is evident with the number of crimes reported in the media, instead of reducing the number of crimes taking place, it is increasing. That itself shows the urgency nations attention on crime prevention. Research indicates that certain individuals in society are more prone follow and maintain a criminal career. Furthermore, there appears seems to be with an obvious pattern among the individuals who have been jailed for committing serious crimes. For example men from disadvantaged backgrounds, with disloyal personalities and poor impulse control are regarded as having high risk personality to commit crime. As a result, it is important that Sri Lankan Criminal Justice System recognizes these high risk individuals and implement certain preventative measures to discourage them from a criminal path. 3. Today it has become important more than ever to control these individuals who are seriously damaging the nations will. As indicated by research, there appears to be a strong link between the seriousness of the act (ex, rape, armed robbery and murder etc.) committed by an individual and the number of times these individuals have come into contact with the Criminal Justice System. Therefore, it is easy to assume that the re-offending rates in Sri Lanka would be significantly higher. Hence, it is essential that the governing bodies work towards bringing down the rates of re-offending in Sri Lanka. With the help of modern technology this may become a more attainable goal. AIM 4. To indicate the role and importance of technology to prevent crimes and through that maintain law and order in Sri Lanka EXPLANATION ON CRIME 5. Crime could be defined as a breach of laws for which a countrys Criminal Justice System may ultimately enforce a guilty sentence. Crimes can be classified into felonies, misdemeanours and infraction. a. A felony is considered to be the most serious type of crime and it includes the issues related to assault, murder, rape, robbery etc. b. A Misdemeanours are less serious than felonies. It is therefore distinguished by the length or gravity of the punishment issued to the individual. These include simple assaults, Driving under the Influence of alcohol or drugs (more commonly known as DUI) and disorderly conduct in public. c. Infractions are the least serious type of crime. It includes common traffic offences, breaching speed limits. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRIME AND TECHNOLOGY 6. Advancement in technology appears to be a double edged sword as it has created a whole new spectrum of crime and this same technology helps the law enforcement combat, prevent to or capture these criminals. For example, in addition to dealing with crimes such as murder, robbery, rape law enforcement agencies are forced to deal with internet crimes such as internet hackers, internet stalkers, internet viruses and the use of the internet to cheat are the example of a few. On a positive aspect this same technology could be utilized to increase the power and range of the law enforcement agencies. For example, technology could be used to prevent certain types crime from happening to ultimately capturing these criminals who have committed the crime. 7. Surveillance videos, fingerprint technology and DNA evidence could also be used in a court of law to help send to prison and punish these individuals without relying solely on human witnesses. There were many experiences and so many stories where that human memory has had devastating influences on certain individuals who were wrongly confined. On a positive note, most of these wrongly accused have since been released from confinement with the help of modern technology such as DNA evidence and fingerprint evidence. WHAT ARE THE CRIMES IN SRI LANKA 8. According to the Sri Lankan Police website, during the year 2010 home invasions, theft and robbery, knife attacks, homicide attempts to commit suicide and grievous harm are among the crimes that predominately committed by the Sri Lankan population are probably indicative only of reported crime as culturally Sri Lankans are less likely to report personal crimes such as domestic assaults, rapes and childhood sexual assaults because of the disgrace attached to these crimes. For example, often people are either too afraid or too ashamed regarding the circumstances and therefore are less likely to seek help and support from authorities. USE OF TECHNOLOGY TO CURB CRIMES IN SRI LANKA AS AT PRESENT AND AREAS TO IMPROVE 9. Technology is already being used to obtain evidence and capture criminals. However, we do not use technology that much, to prevent crimes in comparison to post criminal activities. Law enforcement agencies rely heavily on fingerprinting technology and the Sri Lankan Criminal Justice System had recognizes these advancements in technology. For example, DNA, fingerprinting, through telephone call details, surveillance cameras, digital photos and videos are now recognized in a court of law. FINGERPRINT TECHNOLOGY 10. Fingerprint technology has been used for more than a century and the FBI in America have used fingerprinting technology as far as 1924 in criminal investigations. Even though, Sri Lankan law enforcement agencies didnt use fingerprinting technology that far back in time, but they have relied on this technology for the past few decades of time. 11. Fingerprinting technology is a relatively cheap and it is still considered to be one of the most reliable forms of evidence in a court of law. A persons individual appearance may change with time, but it is impossible to change an individuals fingerprint. That is the main motive for them to rely on this old technology this much. 12. As Sri Lanka is a developing country we are lack with many resources to use and same goes with expensive technology, even which are readily available to use in the first world nations. Fingerprinting technology is relatively low cost, therefore Sri Lanka doesnt need to depend on foreign countries and we have the technology too. That compels us to use it more as it is readily available within the country. 13. Currently, the Sri Lankan law enforcement agencies are in the process of storing fingerprints of criminals who are recognised by the court of law and these fingerprints are stored in databases for easy access and for future reference. The government has recognised the importance of fingerprinting technology. As a result they are in the process of introducing National Identity cards that have an individuals thumb print coupled with other information to help minimise identity theft and for easy identification. BIO METRIC TECHNOLOGY 14. DNA, infrared technology, face recognition are used widely in Western countries. These advanced technologies are used to help basically in preventing unauthorised access to sensitive information or restricted buildings and areas. At present Sri Lanka does not process the resources to use these mentioned technologies even though requirement highly exist. 15. However, DNA technology is used in Sri Lanka mainly to help identify individuals at a crime outlook. It has also been used in the past to confirm an individuals identity. A highly publicised example where DNA was used was during the 2004 Tsunami to identify the biological parents of an infant as several families claimed the infant belonged to them. 16. Unfortunately, Sri Lanka lacks the financial resources to use them on a regular basis. Currently what practise is, after collecting and securing DNA evidence it is sent to a foreign country to obtain the results. This can often be very expensive and highly time consuming. CLOSE CIRCUIT TELEVISION 17. Close Circuit Television or more commonly known as CCTV is relatively new in Sri Lanka. CCTV has the potential to help control criminal and disorderly behavior in community. Research conducted in this area states that CCTV cameras help prevent crime by increasing the chances of getting caught and by further obtaining the evidence required to convict these individuals. Further it would help monitor offenders behaviors and patterns. 18. CCTV cameras may help citizens be cautionary through its presence. For example, research indicates that individuals are likely to be hesitant of committing a crimes commonly happening, such as shop-lifting when they are made aware that all their behaviors and actions are being monitored. Sri Lankan banks and money handling agencies use CCTV to help reduce bank robberies. If a robbery does take place, with its information security personals can activate their contingency plans in preventing robbery is been succeed and even filing so CCTV can then be used to gather evidence. 19. There are five disadvantages in using CCTV, for example it is costly and it can be time consuming to go through the surveillance tapes once a crime has been committed. However, a good surveillance system may help cut down the number of crimes committed. Furthermore, CCTV cameras will help law agencies recognize, catch and convict individuals. It would also help further because, if an individual is caught on camera then there would be no argument as to what is being done. It would become extremely difficult for their layers to argue or make excuses for their behaviors when caught in the action. MOBILE POLICE VEHICLES 20. With the development of the communication, with in a matter of seconds, individuals can inform authorities about a crime, details relating to incidents, regarding a person or any other related issues through a phone. With the introduction of mobile police vehicle system use of that technological advantages have become very effective both for preventives and passive criminal counter actions. 21. It had been used in the past to combat terrorism, because of its rapid and effective accessibility. Same as that it will be effective provided with some improvements to the system. USE OF MEDIA 22. Media plays a vital role in counter criminal activities. We have experienced during the war against the LTTE how effectively it can be used. There were occasions when suspected persons photographs and details were flashed on the screen on televisions, almost immediately and sometimes within a day, the information reached the authorities through vigilant civilians. 23. With the use of media, the authorities could use the population of over 20 million citizens of Sri Lanka to help observe and then report if any criminal activities take place. As it is impossible for governing agencies to monitor everywhere due to the lack of man power and resources it will be an added advantage. Therefore media could be used to distribute current information to the public and authorities could then use information reported by the citizens. 24. As mentioned previously, when it comes to personal crimes from a cultural perspective individuals are less likely to inform authorities. Television programmes such as Thiththa Aththa and Gahaniya use the media to encourage individuals to report and discuss these sensitive issues. On the opposite side of things, the same information that is used to help understand the circumstances of an incident, then it can be used by a criminal to cover his or her tracks. DIFFICULTIES FACED IN USE OF TECHNOLOGY ECONOMY 25. According to recent data, Britain is monitored by 4 million Close Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras making them the most watched nation in the world. British governing body insists that the use of CCTV cameras should be viewed as being beneficial and protective. Sri Lanka does require a large amount of CCTV systems if it is to cover the required places effectively in entire country. 26. A very basic camera system may cost about Rs. 100,000. As it is very expensive, it prevents Sri Lanka from using the required number of CCTV cameras. This same cost factor affects the use of other effective technologies such as use of DNA or Bio metric technology. LACK WITH KNOWLEDGE, EXPERTISE AND SKILL PERSONAL 27. Lack of skilled personals and professional knowledge has become another limiting factor in use of modern technology. Sri Lankan education system does not recognise the importance of technology in combating crime with the use of Bio metric technology. 28. There is a huge brain-drain as most educated individuals in this area of expertise are likely to leave Sri Lanka for lack of employment. For example, even if these individuals have the knowledge, as Sri Lanka lacks the infrastructure, required equipment as well as the technology to maintain the level required to have a functioning Bio metric system. This then compels Sri Lanka to depend mainly on foreign technology and expertise. KNOWLEDGE LAPSES AMONG THE CITIZENS 29. Sri Lanka is still a developing country. The ageing populations as well as the citizens in the rural areas in Sri Lanka are not aware of the available technology. For example, our grandparents would not be comfortable using a mobile phone. Even though the younger generation is aware of the benefits computers offer, in comparison to India, Sri Lankas IT literacy rate is comparatively low. 30. Another complication arises in trying to introduce National Identity cards with the thumb print. Even if this technology was introduced, citizens need to be made aware of the basic functions and the methods to use them. LACKS IN INFRASTRUCTURES FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT 31. Infrastructure requirement for sensitive scientific subject like bio metric or commonly known as DNA are not available in the island, for that matter we are totally depended on other countries. This is leading to have more issues with time factor, economic factor and therefore tendency of using these technologies will always with some limitations. 32. Not only the infrastructure, more importantly we do not even have the required equipments. For example we are in a process of introducing an identity card with finger print and with many other details. But to achieve the purpose those authority that are going to check the identity on the ground must be equipped with required mechanism to use the technology. If not having all required data, if those authorities happened to go with manual identification the entire purpose cannot be achieved. TRAINING ISSUE 33. As discussed above, the level of IT literacy is relatively low in Sri Lanka. It would be extremely expensive to train individuals from the beginning and it would also be very time consuming. 34. Training would only be beneficial if the individual chosen is able to understand and remember what is expected of them. However, at the moment it is important to recognize individuals with some basic knowledge and interest in computers. This will help eliminate individuals unsuitable for the training programs. SUMMARY 35. As same as any other field influence of the technology is a factor which is unavoidable for both crime and counter criminal activities. It is well understood that it is better to prevent a crime than to punish the individual for a crime once it has affected more parties. But the available technology that, which we are equipped with is been basically used for post criminal activities. However as at today there is urgency in use of technology for preventive mashers too. Because we are with enough details on that, certain individuals in society are more prone follow and maintain a criminal career. Furthermore, there appears seems to be with an obvious pattern among the individuals who have been jailed for committing serious crimes. 36. Fingerprint technology, DNA or bio metric technology, Circuit Television or more commonly known as CCTV and mobile police vehicle system are used in Sri Lanka in counter criminal activities with many difficulties. Media also plays a vital role in counter criminal activities and again it is a double edged weapon which plays negative role too. 37. Sri Lanka is a developing nation who has many difficulties in case of economy. There for the cost factor is being recognized as the main barrier in using technology against crime. Lack of skilled personals and professional knowledge, lack the infrastructure, lack equipment as well as the technology, training issues are the other difficulties faced by the authorities. 38. Having being identified the areas where, more attention of the authority is highly essential now we have to up lift the awareness of the society to get the proper use of technology in order to achieve our ultimate aim by maintaining countries low and order. RECOMMENDATIONS 39. Sri Lanka is a developing nation. Therefore, we only have access to limited resources. Hence, it becomes important to identify the requirements to prevent crime. It is true that justice cannot be determined by Rupees and cents, however, any changes to the system must be considered with concern for its cost effectiveness. For example, even if certain technologies have been used successfully in Western Countries, it does not necessarily mean that the same technology would be appropriate to use in Sri Lanka. 40. As average citizens may not be aware of the technology available, it may help to have a national wide education programme through the use of media and many other means. This has to be done before introducing any technology which may lead to confusion among the citizens. 41. At the school level children are to be taught about technology and the benefits of computers as we need to train the next generation. In turn this knowledge of the children can be used to educate their families on the same aspect. 42. Sri Lanka needs to enhance its databases. It would be beneficial to recognize and train individuals in computing skills. These individuals could then be used to help collect the most relevant data and help store them accurately for future references. 43. On the other hand the governing body needs an eliminating programme to recognize potential individual that would be of value to them in the future after the training is completed. It is important to realize that as we lack the skill levels and the resources to train these individuals, the governing agencies to need help from foreign countries. The initial cost would expensive but in the long run it would benefit Sri Lanka 44. New technology that such as CCTV is likely to become an essential tool when controlling criminals and their behaviors in time to come. However, it is important that law agencies do not only rely on CCTV cameras to attain this goal. For example, if the police force is aware that a certain area has CCTV cameras installed, they are less likely to frequent that particular area. If an individual gets assaulted in an area that has CCTV, the police may not be able to get to that area in time to help the victim. It is true that, the police could use the video to help catch the criminal after the crime has been committed but unfortunately, this may be of little consolidation for the already victimized individual. 45. If we were to increase the number of patrol cars used, we should focus on the crime-ridden areas. This would help maximize the man power and resources used. It may also help if the patrol cars have access to a cellular phone. These vehicles are to be equipped with GPS to gain more advance passion over counter parties. This way, if a crime is reported, the dispatch centre would then be able to direct the closest patrol car to the area. 46. In response to personal crimes such as rape and domestic assault, media could be used to reach out the average citizens still living in the rural areas. It might help to encourage the younger generations to reach out to their elders regarding this matter. If people are made aware that these issues could be resolved with help, more victims may come forward without worrying about being made ridiculed by their peers. It may also help to start these educational policies at school levels and encourage children to speak to their parents and relations. This may then promote gender and social equality in Sri Lanka.

Ash Wednesday Bushfires

The many natural hazards that have occurred over the years have varied from cyclones to droughts, however bushfires are the main hazard Australia is prone to. A bushfire is an out-of-control fire that burns bush, forest and woodland areas. Australia has had a considerable number of hazardous bushfires, the Ash Wednesday Bushfires of 1983 is one of Australia's most devastating. THE LOCATION: Over one hundred fires broke out between February 16th-18th 1983, eight of which were major fires. These fires swept across regions of VictoJ.Dimovskiria and South Australia causing widespread damage. Figure 1 below is a map of Victoria, the red representing where the fires were formed. The eight major fires were started in the following areas of Victoria: * Cudgee, Ballangeich and Framilingham * East Trentham and Mt Macedon * Otways * Belgrave heights and Upper Beaconsfield * Monivale * Branxholme * Warburton and * Cockatoo GEOGRAPHICAL PROCESSES: CAUSES An ignition flame point is needed for a bushfire to start. This ignition is caused naturally by lightning strikes or by a deliberate/accidental flame for example arson, camping fires or carless behavior. Most of the Ash Wednesday fires were caused by an accidental ignition, for example in Cudgee, Mt Macedon, Monivale and Branxholme. The suspected cause for these fires was the clashing of electrical powerlines with tree branches. Bushfires can be influenced by several factors. It is primarily the weather conditions and geographical processes that dictate the behaviour and spread of a fire. Drought plays an essential part in the environment desiccating determining the spread of a bushfire. Due to lack of rainfall, vegetation such as dry grasses, parched native shrubs and other combustible materials build up and become fuel for the fire to burn. Before the Ash Wednesday fires Victoria suffered 10 months severe drought. The relative humidity also results in the right climatic conditions for a bushfire to occur. If the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere is than 20%, it can cause forest fuels to dry out and become highly flammable. The relative humidity of Victoria was exceedingly low in the months leading to the bushfires. At one stage Melbourne's relative humidity reached as low as 6% compared to the usual 43%. This factor greatly contributes to increasing the speed of the fire. High temperatures are necessary for a fire to occur. Hot air from high temperatures is responsible for helping to lower the moisture content of forest vegetation, making the fuel more flammable. February 1983 was one of the hottest and driest Februarys on record, with temperatures reaching a record 46.1 degrees Celcius. Wind plays a major role in the spread of fires. High winds provide the fires with oxygen to burn resulting in larger and stronger flames. In addition wind can also cause spot fires by blowing embers downwind. The wind movement on February 16 also resulted in many fires merging. Weather conditions such as cold fronts also produce severe bushfire conditions. In southern Australia cold fronts are common and dramatically affect bushfires. Figure 2 shows the cold front as it headed towards Victoria on February 16. When a cold front passes, the wind direction will change about 90 degrees and will also cause very hot, dry winds. Figure 3 and 4 illustrates the cold front changing the direction of the fire, causing the long side of the fire to suddenly become the front. WHY IS THE LOCATION PRONE Victoria is prone to the hazard of bushfires because during summer and autumn Victoria experiences hot, dry climate which causes the vegetation to dry out. Victoria's forests mainly consist of Eucalyptus trees, which contain large amounts of oil making these forests highly flammable. Southern Australia also experiences strong winds in summer, which result in increasing the damage of the fire. Figure 6 on the left shows the areas of Australia that are prone to bushfires. IMPACTS The impacts of a hazard when it strikes a town or region can be very dramatic. The impacts can be categorised into environmental, economic and social impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL The Ash Wednesday fires caused widespread damage to the environment burning over 210,000 square hectares of Victorian land in total and 21,000 in South Australia. The land burnt Dandenong National Park, the Wombat State Forest, pine plantations and the Otways Forest. Although the Ash Wednesday bushfires regenerated the bushland they caused extensive damage to native habitats and also resulted in the death and injury of many animals. The fires also caused changes to biodiversity levels, high levels of erosion, disrupted the water quality in local streams and waterways and also released thousands of tonnes of carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Figure 7 shows the CFA rehydrating a koala that survived the fire. ECONOMIC The economic impacts caused by the Ash Wednesday bushfires were very large. It not only affected the local communities but also the whole of Australia. The total cost of property related damage in Victoria was estimated at over $200 million. In addition the damage to valuable timber in state areas and timber plantations was estimated at over $50 million. All together the cost of damage was over $950 million. A large majority of individuals experienced property loss and many were not insured against bushfire therefore lost all their life savings. Even those who were insured did not receive everything back from insurance agencies and had to make do with what they were given. Figure 8 on the right shows the large areas burnt by the fires SOCIAL IMPACTS The Ash Wednesday bushfires brought death, destruction and hardship on people's lives. Many people were not prepared for a bushfire of that degree. It was the biggest fire Victoria had seen and took many by surprise. The number of casualties was 75 including 13 CFA fire-fighters and many more were injured. There was also the loss of over 2,000 residential homes in Victoria and in South Australia 383 more. Figure 9 on the left is a photograph showing a street of houses all burnt down. The impact of the fires was very difficult on individuals, especially the ones the lost friends and family members in the fires. There were also many health problems caused by the fires, both mental and physical. These health problems were caused from stress, smoke inhalation, asthma attacks and the trauma sustained. â€Å"It was just this bloody great force. It wasn't fire by itself. It wasn't just the wind. It was something different to that†¦a monster† was a statement made by John Baxter. The above statement shows how many residents may have reacted or felt about the fires. POSSIBLE STRATEGIES To protect Victoria and the environment from another disastrous bushfire, some management strategies need to be implemented. These could include: * Local residents should remove any fire prone objects in and around the home for example clearing leaves in gutters and raking and discarding dried leaves around fire seasons. * An education and awareness program could be developed to inform people on the risks on living in fire prone areas. Topics should include how and why people die in bushfires, how to insure their homes against fires and prevention measures. * A warning system should implemented to warn the community on incoming fires. To supplement this an evacuation drill should be put in place so the local communities know what to do in the case of a bushfire. * Local communities should become more involved in forest management and conservation to ensure the future protection of the environment for future generations.

10 Facts About Marsupials

The Out Of The Enclosures, Into The Wild Compromising...

Out of the Enclosures, Into the Wild: Compromising Animal Rights Recently SeaWorld has come under a significant amount of scrutiny in regards to their orca whale program. Their whales have become increasingly aggressive over the years, hurting and even killing their trainers. SeaWorld and other facilities like it claim that they have these programs in order to conserve species and save them from extinction, but is the damage to the mental and physical well-being of these animals worth it? Orcas are considered highly intelligent and social animals. In this paper, I will discuss the problems associated with SeaWorld and why conservation programs are important in order to come to a compromise between freedom and captivity. Orca whales display a wide range of intricate behaviors that indicate a high level of social intelligence (Anderson 1). In the article, Orca Behavior and Subsequent Aggression Associated with Oceanarium Confinement, the authors state, â€Å"We observed in the animals what appeared to be pranks, tests of trust, limited use of tactical deception, emotional self-control, and empathetic behaviors† (Anderson 1). This suggests the orcas have human-like tendencies and that they are very bright. These creatures are friendly, naturally happy, understanding, and relatedly seeking companionship (Wise 937). The orca’s brain has an additional part, the para-limbic cleft, that humans do not have; this suggests that whales have a sense of self and have a sense of socialShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesand reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any formRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesUniversity PROJECT MANAGEMENT: THE MANAGERIAL PROCESS Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright  © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in